Narrative revision (i)

A deeper analysis of the 233 references with which the narrative revision was carried out, shows that in them the beer is related to different aspects from the human health, reason why it is come to classify the references according to this criterion, being obtained itself the thematic blocks that are related next.

		* Other thematic blocks:
		Different aspects from the health in relation to the ingestion of beer and other types of alcohol
		Cancer, ingestion of beer and other types of alcohol
		Cardiovascular disease, ingestion of beer and other types of alcohol

1. Consumption of beer and other types of alcohol.

After the exhibition on the consumption of beer in Spain, we are going to happen to develop of narrative form a qualitative and quantitative synthesis of an ample phantom of works of the three last years, since we have commented in the introductory part of the consumption, detachhed by the different sections that we have found in the bibliography.

Works related to consumption generally

Works on adolescents and youth

• We have compiled twelve works on a as ample subject as this. We have some like the realized one by the Department of Sociology of the University of Oslo speaks that us of the accessibility that there is to the spirits generally and that help to that the people altogether drink more (Skog, 2000), study that continuous with another one of the University of Minnesota, of the Division of Epidemiology of the School of Public Health, in which the services of alcohol sale are analyzed at home which they facilitate much the drink to the young people who of another form would have serious difficulties to obtain. In any case most common it is the beer sale that has a smaller alcoholic graduation (Fletcher, Toomey, Wagenaar, Short, Willenbring, 2000).
• There is an interesting article of an Institute of Secondary Education of Cantabria that speaks on the feeding in Cantabria against the rest of Spain, being observed a good feeding, and as far as spirits, the beer is consumed, being greater his ingestion whichever major go being the boys. Also they drink plus the men who the women (Of Rufino, Muñoz, Go'mez, 1999) and continuing although he is not specific of beer and speech of alcohol generally, we have a reference of the Department of Public Health of the University of Barcelona that says to us that the consumption is handicapped something between youth mainly in men, not as much in women between which they appear data of amount of alcohol within a zone of risk (24 grams per day), although are the men (even with a smaller amount of people than they drink) those that have the values highest (Source-Almond, Dwell, Dijk, Dominguez-Garci'a, Salleras-Sanmarti, 1999).
• In the Medicine Faculty of Cordova, the Department of Paediatrics has followed the alcohol consumption between the young people and the atmosphere that surrounds to these, observing that there is a relation between both: the boys drink more than the girls and who do not consider the alcohol like a drug or a harmful substance (Gascon Jimenez and cabbages., 1997). Following with Cordova, Familiar and the Educational Communitarian Medicine Unit has realized a study on the tobacco consumption between the young people and the factors related to this use of the tobacco. Eighth has been realized in 548 students of sixth a course of primary studies and between the factors it is the consumption of beer but with an importance smaller than others, like for example that the best friend of the boy at issue already smoked (Perula de Torres and cabbages., 1998).
• In Japan a survey between young students has become and it has seen that, generally safe in great events, celebrations, bars, etc. the proportion of drink was not so high but of course with the age it was advancing this. The most common drink was the beer, mainly in men, and between the women a high predicament by high-grade sweet drinks existed (Osakl, Minowa, Suzuki, Wada, 1999).
• More worrisome it is the work of the University of Bergen that speaks of the greater alcohol ingestion on the part of the youthful population in the countryside of Norway against the urban ones, and is due to the habitual practice to make drinks at level craftsman. The boys buy part of the alcohol who take, but they take it to another one from the caretaker, being the most used beer of listed drinks (Jaegtvik, Schel, 1999).
• The question that becomes the Department of Psychology of the State University of Bowling Green is what expectations have from a positive point of view a spirit like the beer in front of a drink control like the frozen tea, and it is observed that in agreement it is increasing to the age the sensation of expectations not so negative are appearing around the beer (Query, Rosenberg, Tisak, 1998).
• It does not seem that the study of the Department of Sciences of the Behavior of the University of Boston on the possibility of uniting the changes in the age of being able to drink alcohol on the accidents with ahogamiento in the young people can give spectacular results us and, indeed, within the period that goes from 1979 to 1990 the data do not allow to unite both parameters (Howland, Birckmayer, Hemenway, Cote, 1998); nevertheless, if it is very certain as the Department of Paediatrics of the University of Virginia says that the boys sometimes use falsified identity cards or which they are not his to be able to buy alcohol, luckyly a quarter of the times pillages to them, and the number of boys who use this practice does not surpass 15% in the institutes, in addition the authorities must be very strict with the salesmen who agree to this fraudulent practice (Schwartz, Farrow, Banks, Glesel, 1998).
• We now mention an historical article speaks that us of the development of the drink between youth through time, due to the early incorporation to the labor world and to have a “fast maturity” that helped the boys to introduce themselves to the world of the drink. It has realized it the Foundation of Investigation of Addictions of Ontario in Canada (Warner, 1998).
• Also the work is interesting from the Department of Psychology of the Central University of Florida in Orlando that has undergone with the memory of the young people and the announcements of drinks. Five announcements of beers were taught to them and five of refreshing drinks and remembered more the beers and in addition the expectations in front of the alcohol were more positive majors and (Dunn, Yniguez, 1999)
• We mention the article presented/displayed in Addiction on the expectations of the young people in the relation of the alcohol in front of a substance control (Query LR, Rosenberg H, Tisak MS, 1998). The survey has been made considering the type of drink, the sex of the boy, the level of studies that it has, etc. The substance control was frozen tea and the boys show a greater aversion by the beer that by the tea, but much between boys varies, whom they like more than to the girls, and the course in which are. What is certain is that before becoming more usual drinkers, they have had a series of previous encounter with the spirits.

Works on adolescents, youth and drugs.

• There is a series of works, that speak of the association between alcohol and drugs in youth. One, realized by the Mexican Institute of Psychiatry through a population of young people in whom it appeared a high level of unemployment when they finished secondary education, their parents did little case to them and they really were in situations which to ingest drugs and alcohol had become a life form (Red, Fleiz-Baptist, Medina-Dwell Icaza, Moron, Domenech-Rodriguez, 1999).
• In this same order of ideas, the Department of Psychology of the University of Virginia has realized an identification of the risk factors and protection of an Afro-American urban population, to be able to evaluate the situation. Between the factors of risk related to the alcohol the passage of beer to wine is considered, soon to liquors, etc. (Sullivan, Farrell, 1999); and this work has a base in the realized one in the University of San Diego in whom it occurs to a comparative data between the alcohol and the marijuana us, that thought long ago that they were substitutivos one of the other, and nevertheless, an increase in the taxes on the alcohol takes with himself a diminution of the use of the marijuana by youth, giving a complementary character to both (Pacula, 1998).
• We have left the aspects of direct relation of the family with the young people in their deal with alcohol and drugs, existing an article of the Department of Education of the University John Carroll de Ohio in whom she tells to the familiar relation in front of the young person and his influence in the possible drug appearance in its surroundings. Logically, at the most structured is the family the drug presence is smaller, usually goes associate to episodes with the alcohol and its different classes, between which they are the beer, wines and liquors. The familiar influence is moderate in degrees where the maximum degree is the 10, in which familiar dismantling is united to the drug consumption (Jenkins, Zunguze, 1998).
• The Department of Psychology of the University of Wales has made a study on landlords of alcohol, cigarettes and illicit drugs in English adolescents in whom it is observed that they appear of a relatively explosive form the tobacco use and illicit drugs with the one of alcohol, mainly is a high consumption of these substances between the adolescents that great amounts take from alcohol and especially liquors, being smaller in the cases of lifted ingestions less and preference by the beer or the wine (Sutherland, Willner, 1998).
• To the thread of these works, we conclude with a study realized in Germany in cities that the 180,000 inhabitants do not surpass and in that surveys between young people have been realized to see the alcohol consumption, drugs and cigarettes. The results do not differ with found in other countries and populations. Greater alcohol ingestion between boys that enters small and like characteristic this work, the beer is the most usual drink. The data on cigarettes and drugs are not better nor worse than the sights previously (Scholz, Kaltenbach, 2000).

Works on greater people

• We have only found a a job specific, realized by the Institute of Investigation in Human Nutrition of Cambridge on differences of sex as far as indices of food ingestions through a national survey on diet and nutrition, for people majors of 65 years. The results speak to us of significant differences in the election of foods, the ingestion of nutrients and the nutritional sanguineous indices, especially between 65 and 79 years. From the 80 already they were more similar. As far as the drink it is observed that the favorite is the beer between the men and rather less between the women, who in addition drink less alcohol. (Bats, Prentice, Finch, 1999).

Works on publicity and announcements in television and radio

Works on landlords “standard” of drink

• In the last years the concept of units has become popular drink standard, but as it points the Unit of Alcohologia of the Catalan Autonomous Government of Catalonia (Gual, Martos, Lligona, Llopis, 1999) in a study realized in eight regions of the country with more than 10,000 people, there are unification problems. Although the unit for beer and came is the same, 10 grams of alcohol, for liquors the unit is right the double and this if it is not known can give to the citizen place ambiguities, and consequently it would have to go away to a total unification independent of the type of alcohol. In any case the utility for the studies and the general knowledge of these units is very great, as it says the Plan of Action on Drugs of Barcelona (Rodriguez-Martos, Gual, Llopis, 1999) that it can use for its measures, registries and monitoring of the alcohol consumptions on the part of people that they have in treatment.
• In studies of very ample phantom of population like realized by the Division of Biometry and the Epidemiology of the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse pertaining to the Institute of Health of Bethesda in Maryland (Dawson, 1998) in which is even related the volume of ethanol consumed to the effects on the individuals, are used these units. One reaches the conclusion that at the most exact it is the survey is possible to be reached with a greater reliability the amounts that have been consumed and thus to be able to look for the relations with the behavior and the possible ones you disorder that there is in the people.
• Finally, a work of the Center of Danish Science exists Epidemiologist in the Preventive Medicine Institute (Gronbaek, Tjonneland, Johansen, Stripp, Overvard, 2000) that realizes a survey on type of alcohol and drink landlords in a population of almost 57,000 Danish, in whom it stands out that 71% prefer wine or beer in front of other drinks with alcohol. Between the most habitual drinkers of beer and those of wine the amounts of alcohol are similar since those that ingest beer make in majors amounts and so they balance the total grams of alcohol.

Works regarding blood level of alcohol controls and conduction

• A basic problem exists and that this still solved and is not the one of the false negatives in the blood level of alcohol controls, although the apparatuses are more and more necessary, coverall after to have ingested solid foods next to the drink. The police is incapable, as it testifies the report of the Institute of Investigation of the South of California in Los Angeles (Moskowitz, Burns, Ferguson, 1999), to distinguish by the breath the type of drink, beer, came, liquors, etc… that has ingested the individual and to draw conclusions there. Safe in a laboratory the results cannot be definitive. A method that could be very useful to make a pursuit of people who lead and ingest high amounts of alcohol is to analyze the deficient transferrina in carbohydrates and their levels that is a marker of the alcohol consumption, coverall if we united to gamma glutamiltransferasa. A study of the University of Malmoe (Kristenson, Jeppsson, 1998) indicates to us that the pursuit of these biochemical parameters is very interesting to see the alcohol ingestion and in addition that the number of false positives is small.
• A problem, that every time more is generalized is the one of the places of sale of spirits for the people who go by the highway. A work of the Research center of the Prevention of Berkeley (Gruenewald, Stockwell, Beel, Dyskin, 1999) but realized in Australia, speaks of which the beer sale, that goes accompanied of other high-grade drinks produces problems in the conductors, even a study of the Department of Police of Santa Ana in California, says to us that in these premises the beer ingestion happens to second place after high-grade drinks and so the danger for the conductors is greater (They annoy, Dang, Jaing, Boyd, 1998).
• In another order of ideas, to mention the presentation of the Foundation for the Investigation of Addictions of Toronto (Room, West, 1998) that speaks of the problems between Canada and the USA in the border with the “war of the beers”, that is to say prices on both sides different and other cases from illegal transit of spirits with the consequent tensions and contraband aspects that occur.

Works on alcohol and violence

• A subject debated by its social danger is the one of the excessive alcohol ingestion and violence, every time it appears more and more in our surroundings in sport spectacles, and their possible or difficult control. There is works in which they appear spirits and violence like the one of the Swedish Institute for Social Investigations of Stockholm that as much relates the high-grade consumption of beer and drinks to us in places public as deprived to the increase or diminution of assaults and robberies.
• By all means it is not the unique factor but it appears a correlation that it invites to think to us (Norstrom, 1998), as the one of the National Center for the Study of the Drug Prevention of Abuse of Perth in Australia that relates the increase of different spirits to the increase of the nocturnal street delinquency and the morbidity due to the alcohol. (Stockwell and cabbages., 1998). The results speak of a direct relation, but not of the beer and wine of low graduation and yes of other drinks of greater graduation.
• Going deep in this subject, the Department of Psychology of the University Bowling State de Ohio has studied the influence of the dose and type of drink in the action expectations, in delinquents who have lent themselves to the work, and a questionnaire has been elaborated that can give idea us of how they can act this type of people according to the amount of ingested alcohol (It garrisons, Rosenberg, 2000)

Works related to alcohol consumption in certain situations

• A study deals with the content in alcohol of beers and drinks of Malta and their interest in the legal medical scope. An analysis by gas chromatography has been made to study the content in a series of 404 beers and drinks of Malta. The rank for the “Ales” was of 5.51% and for “lagers” of 5.32% like more representative values. To mention that although the chromatographic method is one of the great techniques for the analytical one, there were discrepancies between these results and those that if so contributed the labels of some of them, although the majority did not give that data (Logan, CASE, I gave Stefano, 1999).
• Another reference speaks to us of the attitudes of the consumers in front of transgenic foods, realized by the School of Businesses of Aarhus, in Denmark (Bredahl, 1999). The interest of the work is that two of the foods that occurred in the study with 400 people were realized beer and yoghurt from raw materials modified genetically. The results of the experience were more from the point of view of ethical and psychological considerations that by the aspect of palatabilidad or possible effects immediate of the ingestion, and altogether not very positive as far as the acceptance towards these products.
• Another one was the article realized by Unimed de Oslo on the consumption of alcohol and tobacco between professors of secondary in Zimbabwe (Eide, Butau, Go, 1999). The results were not too alarming: 38.6% of professors and 8.2% of the professors drank on a daily basis or at least weekly, being the beer the favorite drink. Between that they drank more seemed to watch a yield in his educational activity that was lower than in the rest.
• The Mexican Institute of Psychiatry has realized a study on landlords of alcohol consumption in admitted patients in emergency services of 8 hospitals of Mexico D.F and it has seen that more of 60% of the entered ones it had drunk beer or liquors recently, and 58% admitted that in the last year they had drunk. The landlord that obtained from predominance era of LF and discharge amount (Lopez-Jimenez, 1998).
• In primary attention, it appears an interesting work of Huddinge in Sweden speaks that us of how the cares of primary health can help to the patients in their drink habits. For it a pursuit of the individual with periodic questionnaires, together with analytical with biochemical markers is very useful to help to get out of the habit to the drinkers who have symptoms of excessive ingestion but not a serious dependancy (Dahl, Thakker, 1998).
• A peculiar experimental study is the realized one on the effect of the alcohol consumption in a simulated activity of game, realized in the Department of Psychology of the University Macarthur de Sidney (Kyngdon, Dickerson, 1999) in which were realized tests with volunteers, 40 men, who drink alcohol and are habitual players, nonludópatas but that realizes often it. A simulated activity became and the results take to us to that small amounts of alcohol have a psychological effect on the player reinforcing their serenity in the game, reason why they are going away to continue realizing investigations to vice versa see the interactions in the behavior and the possible addiction that can have the player with the alcohol and.
• There is an analysis realized in the Medicine Department of Emergencias of the Stanford Hospital of California in which it is related baseball and beer. (Wolfe J, Martinez R, Scott WA, 1998) the patrons of consumption between the watching men of stages of the greater league of baseball in the USA are examined. 41% of the spectators give positive to the alcohol. Most consuming they are those than they estan between 20 and 35 years; within these 50.8% have taken something from alcohol, 10.8% estan in prohibited limits and 5% almost had to be dealed with the alcoholic poisoning.
• Last, to mention another work that speaks of the food of the smokers and the nonsmokers and the paper of the pair in the behavior. It is a study of the Social Medicine Department of the Institute of Public Health of Copenhagen (Osler, 1998). The main problem is that the smokers eat less fruit, vegetables, integral bread, ham, you and are more consuming of coffee, meat and beer that the nonsmokers. The work speaks of the work that must realize the pair of the smoker to try to modify its habits and that a diet has that is most healthful possible.