Narrative revision (IV)

* Relation of thematic blocks:

 

  • Consumption of beer and other types of alcohol
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  • Different aspects from the health in relation to the ingestion of beer and other types of alcohol
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  • Cardiovascular disease, ingestion of beer and other types of alcohol
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    4. Cardiovascular disease, ingestion of beer and other types of alcohol

    Works related to alcohol ingestion and cardiovascular risk generally To return above

    • We are going to also separate here two sub-groups: In first, we realized a revision of the most general works on the subject, like the one of the Social Medicine Institute of the Free University of Berlin that realizes a study on the alcohol consumption, the landlords of health and mortality in the German population (Hoffmeister H and cabbages., 1999). It reaches the conclusion that 80% of men and 55% of women in Germany drink, but the majority of the consumers is light (1-20 g/día) or moderate (21-40 g/día) and it is observed that the more it drinks the more it increases to the lipidic profile and gamma GT. The light drinkers are those that have minors meanings of cardiovascular disease, consequently the work suggests a slight alcohol ingestion to reduce the cardiovascular risks.
    • An put-analysis realized in the Department of Nutrition of the School of Public Health of Harvard studies the effect of lipids and hemostatic factors in the relation of ingestion of alcohol and under coronary risk (Rimm EB and cabbages., 1999) reaching conclusions because a daily dose of 30 grams of alcohol increased the HDL-cholesterol concentrations, also were affected other factors like apolipoproteina and triglycerides. The conclusion is that the small alcohol ingestions are related to the low cardiovascular risk by positive lipid changes and hemostatic factors.
    • The Danish Center of Epidemiology of the University of Copenhagen carries out an interesting work on type of alcohol and mortality by cardiovascular disease (Gronbaek M, 1999) in which after setting out all the well-known aspects or, commented before and that will even appear after relation of cardiovascular disease with alcohol observes that the correlation enters ingested wine per capita different countries and incidence of cardiovascular disease gives rise to think the hypothesis of a greater benefit of the wine that of the beer or liquors. One is based on works of Renaud and collaborator but does not give results of relation of other drinks with cardiovascular disease. On the same subject the Department of Primary Cares of the Royal Free Hospital of London suggests in its work (Wannamethee SG, Shaper Ag, 1999) that the moderate alcohol ingestion this related to a low cardiovascular risk, but not with other causes of mortality, in addition the great benefits to the wine, emphasize, are related to characteristics of type of life, like low rates of obesity and tobacco.
    • The Medicine Department of the Royal Perth Hospital and the Institute of Investigations of the Heart of the West of Australia (Rakic V and cabbages., 1998) study the effects of the alcohol landlords on sanguineous lipids in habitual drinkers, with a population of 55 healthy men and one ingestion of 210-500 ml of alcohol per week (3 to 6 drinks per day), 14 were weekend drinkers and the rest newspaper drinkers. More of 60% they were beer drinkers. One studied to them during four weeks, analyzes were done to them and the following four weeks the ingestion was reduced to them and they became to repeat analysis. In both they lowered the results of the apolipoproteinas TO I and to II; in those of newspaper it lowered to the total cholesterol and the triglycerides but not them LDL; in those of weekend it did not change the cholesterol but they lowered triglycerides and they raised LDL. Other data of potential effect as increase of HDL does not estan described in this work, that it has as some rare result can be seen.
    • The Department of Biostatistical of the University of Washington in Seattle in future makes within the study of cardiovascular health a section of diurnal dream in 4578 adults (Whitney CW and cabbages., 1998) of 65 years, that confess to be somnolientos during the day in a 20% of the total, with the consequent problems for the development of its normal life. As conclusion says to us that it is common east problem, had without a doubt to disturbances nocturnes that do not let to them rest or, like awaking often or snoring. Sometimes it goes or to take tablets to sleep, but what it is recommended it is that they do not drink in dinner, or before going to sleep since in these cases can be counter-productive.
    • The Hospital of Cardiovascular Diseases of Bern (Seiler C, 2000) makes another study of relation enters alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease and says that one to two drinks per day is associated with a reduction of the cardiovascular risk in 30-50%. Equivalence is of a drink by a bottle of beer of a third, a wine glass of 100 ml or one glass of liquor of 30 ml approximately when changing the units of the work by more common others for us. It says to us that the moderate drinkers have minor cardiovascular risk that the teetotallers and he is based on the elevation that appears in these cases of the HDL: The excessive drinkers can have cerebrovascular accidents, congestive cardiomiopatía or hypertension
    • On these effects it appears to us a revision of beer, it came and liquors and the risk from infarct from myocardium realized by the Department from Medicine from the Hospital Albert Schweizer de Dordrecht in Holland (Cleophas TJ, 1999) that comes to say us that the small doses of alcohol (1 to 4 drinks per day) of wine, beer or liquors are beneficial to prevent coronary diseases, but from these data the highest values and coverall together with other factors of risk are dangerous for our cardiovascular health. In this same sense is a study realized in the University Munster de Neuherberg (Keil Or and cabbages., 1998)
    • The Service of Cardiology of Hospital 12 of October of Madrid (Ray I, Marin and, 1998) does a study on wine and heart giving an amount of 10 to 30 grams of alcohol per day like factor of cardiovascular prevention, and abounding in the situation of which there are no data that can advocate one or the other form of spirit since there is conclusive tests of the major or no minor kindness of one against another one, nor within wines the separation that is made sometimes between both type of wine.
    • The Department of Nutrition of Harvard, (Rimm EB, Williams P, Fosher K, Criqui M, Stamper MJ, 1999) realizes an put-analysis on the moderate alcohol ingestion and the risk of cardiovascular disease and the result effects that own hemostatic lipids and factors on this risk, reaching as it were possible to hope of causal relation of changes in lipids through a moderate alcoholic ingestion that takes with himself a slope of risk of cardiovascular disease.
    • In another order of ideas, in the Journal de Clinical Toxicología it appears an article (Barceloux DJ, 1999) that speaks of cobalt and its toxicity (although as we know is necessary for the formation of the B12 vitamin, or also we know of its applications in chemotherapy and tests of diagnosis by image) and relates the call cardiomiopatía of the beer drinker, baptized thus in Quebec in 1966 and related to a exhibition of the beer to the cobalt presence and other metals.
    • On this same subject the Department of Biochemistry of the University of Seville (cabbage and Camean., 1998) has done a determination of cobalt, manganese and alcohol in beers, observing that the contents are extremely small in the commercial beers and there is risk of no cardiomiopatías at present by the beer due to these metals, not even in great consumers.

    Works related to alcohol and atherosclerosis To return above

    • First that we raised he is the based one on the Bruneck study of the Department of Neurology of the University Clinic of Innsbruck that is indeed made the question of it is the relation enters alcohol consumption and atherosclerosis, and soon realized a study of population of men and women of 40 to 79 years with a principle in 1990 and a pursuit in 1995. The conclusions are that in the occasional drinker (once to the week) it does not have any effect on the aterogénesis that consumption and the moderate drinkers have a risk smaller than the nondrinkers and by all means that the excessive drinkers. The moderation data less than locates in 50 grams/day. The reason justifies by the antitrombóticos effects and inhibition of the atherogenic action of the LDL. Specific the type of spirit although in Austria the beer is not the predominant one (Kielch S and cabbages., 1998)
    • The Department of Public Health of the University of Kuopio in Finland (Kauhanen J and cabbages., 1999) studies the landlords of alcoholic ingestion and progression of the atherosclerosis; it realized with 764 drinkers of beer and 871 drinkers of liquors. The greater progression was for the drinkers of liquors that take of the order of a bottle of vodka in a session. For the drinkers of more than 6 beers in a session the increase also was high, and for the smaller consumers he was not so spectacular. The conclusion is that the amounts, coverall in these amounts so lifted shoot the probabilities of atherosclerosis appearance.

    Works related to alcohol and positive aspects To return above

    • There is three works on the subject that are of the same work group of the Department of Physiology of the Institute of Investigations in Nutrition and Feeding of Zeist in Holland that in sequence of antiquity the dinner and composition of the after-lunch HDL speak to us of moderate doses of spirits in. With a consumption of 40 grams in dinner and midiendo1, 3, 5, 9 and 13 hours after dinner an elevation of triglycerides between 3 and 5 hours is observed later, but the cholesterol and apolipoB do not modify, the HDL raise the 13 hours and also other parameters modify in these different measures (Hendriks HF and cabbages., 1998).
    • In the following one, that is continuation of the previous one (Tol To goes and cabbages., 1998) is spoken of which the LDL reduce their concentration after hours when there is this alcohol ingestion in the dinner, that by the way does not detail the type of spirit, it speaks of the three, and reaches the conclusion that the increase of HDL next to the slope of LDL due to a moderate alcohol ingestion can be useful in the protection against the cardiovascular diseases. And in the last of the series it speaks of the increase of paraoxonasa, an enzyme associated to the HDL that it protects of the oxidation by the LDL. They realize a study of a moderate consumption of spirits in front of water in 11 middle-aged men and healthy and it is seen that the appearance of the enzyme is quantitatively greater in wine, beer, liquors and water, these data suggest to drink moderately increases the amounts of paraoxonasa and thus we avoided partly the action of the LDL (Gaag MS goes to der and cabbages., 1999).
    • The Department of Public Health of the University of Uppsala is asked if there are effective tests of the action of the moderate alcohol ingestion for the prevention of cardiovascular risks (Svardsudd K, 1998). It makes a revision of the bibliography and it does not reach evident conclusions, among others things because the proposed mechanisms are very varied, surely has more than one implied and there are no evidences that make us answer the question clearly.

    Works related to fibrinogen, alcohol and cardiovascular disease To return above

    • We find a two jobs on the subject, first of the Medicine Department in the University of the West of Australia, in which it studies the effects of the alcohol on the fibrinolíticos coagulation and factors (Dimmit SB and cabbages., 1998). After starting off of the premise of the kindness of the alcohol in small amounts it studies the changes in the coagulation and the fibrinolisis due to this with a study of 55 men who predominantly drink beer during 4 weeks, and later other 4 weeks with smaller ingestions of beer of the habitual ones in them, to finalize with other 4 in whom they return to the habitual ingestions. A weekly increase of 92 to 410 ml of alcohol is associated with a fibrinogen slope in sanguineous and the count of plaquetas, but it increases factor VII and the activator of plasminógeno. These data seem to explain the protection factor of the alcohol against the ischemic and cerebral events. One concludes saying that the fibrinolíticos effects and the balance coagulant-anticoagulant depend on the amount, type of alcohol as well as of genetic factors and another type that there is to continue studying.
    • The Medicine Faculty of the Paris-south becomes the question of if it is fibrinogen a possible connection between the alcohol consumption and the cardiovascular disease (Mennen LI and cabbages., 1999). For it realizes a study with inmunonefelométricos methods of fibrinogen relation between and alcohol in 4967 men and women of 30 to 64 years between 1994 and 1996. The alcohol consumption was associated strongly with fibrinogen and the high concentrations of this in the drinkers and in whom they drank more than 60 grams per day, and was not greater for men than for women being the association with fibrinogen for liquors and the wine, whereas beer and cider did not have it. Also, they introduced the variable of which smokers and exfumadores did not have lower values of fibrinogen than the smokers. One concludes saying that if the fibrinogen is related to the cardiovascular disease, the effect of the moderate alcohol consumption can also be explained from this parameter.

    Works of comparison of beer in front of wine in its relation to the cardiovascular disease To return above

    As several works exist, and in some previous ones already we have even seen comparisons between both drinks, we are going to try to go in sequence chronological of the works:

    • In Cardiology Review in 1998 we found a prospective study of 128934 patients hospitalized by coronary problems that were done a study to them on additional benefits of the alcohol and they appeared to them beneficial results for moderate consumptions but without distinguishing between wine and beer (Klatsky TO, Armstrong MA and Friedman GD, 1998).
    • Also from 1998, in center from Oenological Investigations of the University of Montpellier (Carando S and cabbages., 1998) one reaches the conclusion that the effects are more beneficial for the wine that stops the beer by the phenolic components that the wine owns and that, according to this work, does not appear in the beer.
    • The Preventive Medicine Institute of the Hospital of the University of Copenhagen in the study of the city of Copenhagen on the heart, realized with 13329 men and women of 45 to 84 years and followed during 16 years, reaches in its conclusions, when it makes the relation between the three types of drink, to that the wine is more beneficial by the additional components that have in their composition (Truelsen T and cabbages. 1998).
    • In the Hospital of San Pablo in Vancouver, they speak to us until now of that was the wine the drink of election from the point of view of cardiovascular protection, but the lack of adverse effects makes of the beer one more a cheaper and useful election for these benefits, and this demonstrates with a study 5,033 people who drank wine and 5,033 to it that drank beer. The positive effects were the same and, nevertheless, the beer is cheaper and easy to obtain reason why it shows preference for this (Ines G, 1998).
    • Another study realized in the Medicine Department of the Hospital of the University of Harvard compares the type of drink and the risk of infarct of myocardium (Gaziano JM and cabbages., 1999) with 340 cases and the same number of controls, reaching the conclusion that the protective effect is due to the elevation of the HDL in the moderate drinkers and does not draw conclusions on the type from drink, seems that the wine leaves something superior as far as protective factor, but not significantly against beer or liquors.
    • The Preventive and Social Medicine Department of the University of New York, in Buffalo makes some appreciations on the questionnaire of frequency in the feeding of Harvard (McCCann and cabbages., 1999). In him a total valuation cannot be realized because it makes estimations of global alcohol and total liquors but not of wine and beer, in addition leave values to him higher than in other questionnaires the USA as he is the one of landlord of spirits, consequently is not very useful for these comparisons.
    • On beer, it came and mortality in middle-aged men in the east of France is a work (Renaud SC, Gueguen R, Siest G, Salamon R, 1999) of the Institute of the Health of Bordeaux in which after a prospective study they reach the conclusion that the moderate alcohol consumption takes associate a lower cardiovascular mortality, and that the also moderate consumption of beer and wine reduces the cardiovascular risk.

    Works on homocisteína, alcohol and cardiovascular disease To return above

    • Of both studies that we have, the oldest speech of the cardiovascular disease and homocisteína in a cohorte, realized in the Department of Chemical Pathology of the University of Pretoria (Ubbink JB and cabbages., 1998) speaks that us of the association between high amounts of homocisteína circulating associated to a high prevalence of cardiovascular disease. Using a cohorte of 2290 men between 50 and 64 years, in a pursuit of 5 years, 56 they had a fatal infarct, 77 a nonfatal infarct and 21 had signs of to have had infarct without symptoms. In the all of them amounts of homocisteina they were majors that in that they had not had anything. After looking for differences in age, social class, type of life, feeding, etc. it was arrived the conclusion, from the point of view of the alcohol, that to the being the beer the drink preferred in the zone of the cohorte, the moderate ingestion of this one, by its folic acid content was a factor of reduction of homocisteína sérica.
    • Another work speaks to us of the effect of the consumption of red wine, liquors and beer on homocisteína sérica, this published in Lancet (Van der Gaag MS and cabbages., 2000) and says to us that after a moderate consumption of red wine and liquors homocisteína is increased sérica, but not thus after a moderate consumption of beer. Also the B6 vitamin seems to prevent the risk induced by the alcohol with respect to the sérica homocisteina.

    Works on antioxidants, alcohol and cardiovascular disease To return above

    • Of Nutrition Biochemistry are two works of the same group in the Journal that are experimental and they speak one to us of the influence of the dry matter of different spirits on lipids, proteins and activity antioxidant in the serum of rats (Gorinstein S and cabbages., 1998). The work this fact with 60 Wistar rats divided in three experimental groups and one control. The results that appear are that the dry matter of wine and beer is most effective, exert effects antioxidants of lipidic benefit, reducing the total cholesterol, the lipidic triglycerides and peroxides and elevating the HDL.
    • The other, published in the same magazine months later, is a continuation of the previous one but it occurred here to the rats it came and beer in natural form, and was that there were no significant differences between these and the ingestion in freeze-dried form that we had seen in the previous work, reason why in the dry matter it is where they appear in both cases polifenoles that they have this so important action in both cases (Gorinstein S and cabbages., 1998)
    • A work of the Research center in Antioxidants of the School of Biomedical Sciences Guy of London analyzes antioxidants of onion, tomato, eggplants and apples and the possible activity that they can have (Paganga G and cabbages. 1999) as well as the activity and content of some spirits and make a comparison: the activity antioxidant of a glass of red wine (150 ml) is the same that the one of 12 glasses of white wine, the one of two tea cups, the one of 4 apples, the one of 5 portions of onion, the one of 5.5 portions of eggplant, the one of 3.5 glasses (of 500 ml) of beer, the one of 7 orange juice glasses or the one of 20 apple juice glasses.
    • The Medicine Department of the Real Hospital of Perth in the University of the West of Australia free alcohol speech, radicals and antioxidants (Puddey IV and cabbages. 1998) It treats the theory that the polifenólicos compounds exert of quelantes agents of the free radicals and so the Ldl-cholesterol formation is smaller and since in alcoholic drinks these compounds exist their antiatherogenic power seems than probable more, although more tests are needed.
    • The Institute of Medical Pathology of the Catholic University of Rome studies as it affects the beer to stress oxidating in the rats (cabbage and Gasbarrini., 1998). One occurred to the rats three different isocalóricas diets them during six weeks: one containing beer, another one with I supplement of alcohol and another one without alcohol. Those that had taken beer they had a liver with a great predisposition in its lipoproteins to resist the lipidic oxidation, better than those than they had not taken and far better that those that had taken alcohol, although the antioxidant levels were not very different in the three groups